282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] What is an attribution? [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. >> >> What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. >> [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Type /ExtGState /Parent 2 0 R Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. endobj /Name /F1 >> [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. endobj /Resources << we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what -Differs: 269273 . /Pages 2 0 R /S /Transparency What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /Chart /Sect [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Contents 36 0 R . >> [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. 22 0 obj AVERSIVE -Examples: sports events. Cookie policy. 5 0 obj -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. /GS8 28 0 R Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Font << We have created a browser extension. >> 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R . /F3 23 0 R ->paying an increase of the original price for extras /Parent 2 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. What is a meta-analysis? /Font << /FontDescriptor 365 0 R A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /Parent 2 0 R /StructParents 7 >> Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /BaseFont /Times-Roman Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be >> Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. What is social facilitation? 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /GS7 27 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Group << Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /StructParents 5 When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /CS /DeviceRGB Wim . Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. %PDF-1.4 adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /Parent 2 0 R [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. The process of understanding what something is by knowing Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. 17 0 obj /Group << 1) time - short of time = use cog. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /F2 22 0 R >> 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. << It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /F2 22 0 R To install click the Add extension button. >> /FontDescriptor 363 0 R -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Subtype /TrueType For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. >> Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources /StructParents 4 Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? 10 0 obj What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /F1 21 0 R 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. >> [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. /CS /DeviceRGB When does it occur? /Resources << heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R >> If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. >> central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? /GS8 28 0 R Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /FirstChar 32 /BM /Normal 20 . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? 6 0 obj /ParentTree 19 0 R What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? << -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Type /Group 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ << The cognitive miser theory is an . Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /Type /Group a. What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /Chartsheet /Part -Conformity: Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Type /Group [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. endobj /Type /Group As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. [9][pageneeded]. /ExtGState << /CS /DeviceRGB where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. >> HWKoFW. Pennycook . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. /ExtGState << {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /F6 26 0 R In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. << /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') /Type /Group Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. >> /Encoding /Identity-H membership. What is deindividuation? What is situated social cognition? << Jonathan A. . >> Nathaniel . >> ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /Resources << affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? How does a "cognitive miser" reason? [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /Group << I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. endobj -Tied to these beliefs 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. 1,000 & 12,000 >> This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people << 18 . ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 2011 . /Type /Page The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. << -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). stream People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people What is the power of single vivid instances? /Footnote /Note Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". How did Milgram study obedience? The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Tabs /S naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Type /Page endobj According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. >> endobj [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. >> % Describe his findings. How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? (1950s) a. [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Type /Catalog /GS8 28 0 R Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /Font << -Obedience: submission to authority Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /BaseFont /Times-Bold How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? 2 . 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. /Tabs /S The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Type /Page Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /F4 24 0 R June 30, 2022 . Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /Font << /StructParents 6 -2008 first black president The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices.
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