In 2019, 74% of individuals dealt with by the Criminal Justice System were male, and 26% were female. For example, young males receiving more than 12 months in custody were more likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (69% v 64%), whereas the reverse was true for young males receiving 12 months or less in custody. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. Ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions against males compared to females. This is true for all stages of timeliness for drug offences. The disparity in convictions for these offences may reflect the fact that females make up a slightly larger proportion of benefit claimants[footnote 118]. Benefit fraud females made up 58% of the 1160 convictions for indictable benefit fraud offences up 2 pp from 2015. This is driven in part by a higher proportion of female offenders getting sentenced for offences that tend to receive shorter sentences. These data comes from the Child Support Supplement to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). Young females who were sentenced to custody for more than 12 months had a 73% proportion with SEN without a statement compared to 65% for young males. Statistically, it appears that the family courts in the United States are biased against fathers. Offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Figure 7.12: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with a record of fixed period exclusion, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.5). There were some differences between the gender groups at this attainment level across all disposals. , The conviction ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of defendants convicted by the total number of defendants prosecuted in the same period. Figure 5.04: Proportion of the defendants brought to magistrates court by prosecuting authority and sex, 2019. This offence accounted for 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. Figure 7.08: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 that achieved 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G by gender and disposal category[footnote 98] (Source: Table 7.1). custody. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. Of the females remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences in 2019, 80% were White, 10% were Black, 4% were Asian, 5% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. Youth custody data for July 2015 published. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15 (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Comparisons with previous years are not possible due to changes in the order of questions asked influencing overall trends. Child Custody and Gender Bias: Are Courts Anti-Father? Child Custody Statistics 2023 (by Gender & State in the US) A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. Data has bee updated and published for May 2013. This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. In 2019, a smaller proportion of female offenders were sentenced for indictable offences at 10%, compared to 22% of male offenders. In 2019/20, there was a significant difference between males (63.4%) and females (57.3%) who perceived the Criminal Justice System to be fair, as seen in previous years. In the 2017/18 cohort, the reoffending rate was higher for males at 30%, compared to 23% for females. The increasing trend for both male and female defendants who were not remanded and bailed by police has stabilised with small changes in the latest year. Females represented 5% of the prison population and this proportion has remained stable over the last five years. When men get awarded child support, they average 17% less than women. A contributing factor is the greater availability of females when an enforcement officer visits the home[footnote 116]. , Remands data in this section are based on the Crown Courts decision on whether a defendant prosecuted for a criminal offence, should during the court proceeding go on to be placed in custody or released on bail. In 2018/19, 671 homicides took place; 64% of victims were male and 36% were female. Figure 5.08: Median number of days from offence to completion, by offence group and sex, 2019. The custody rate for this offence was 14% for females and 34% for males in 2019. Gender roles highlight gender bias in judicial decisions Prosecutions for indictable offences for females have decreased by 29% since 2015, from 48,000 to 33,800. Youth Custody report for June 2013 published. In contrast to what is seen for police and magistrates courts remand, females consistently had a higher proportion than males to be bailed at the Crown Court. , Guidance to National Probation Service staff on proposing suspended sentence orders (SSO) changed in 2018, which led to substantial drops in the numbers of SSOs proposed in 2018 and 2019 resulting in volumes too low for a robust comparison. , Further information regarding the impacts on published estimates of the ongoing data reforms seen in the criminal courts can be found at the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020, Plea data is sourced from the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin and excludes companies, defendants with unknown sex and unknown plea. Youth custody statistics for September 2013 published. They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. Defendants with unknown or not stated ethnicity accounted for 28% of all indictable prosecutions in 2019. Youth custody report for July 2016 published. In the latest year, a higher proportion of females were issued PNDs for theft (retail under 100) compared to males, whereas males were more often issued PNDs for possession of cannabis compared to females (see Figure 4.04). , The detailed results of the survey can be found in the offenders under supervision or in custody tables. In 2019/20, sexual assault towards females within the last year were over 4 times higher than towards males. Youth custody report for May 2016 published. In the same period, 16% of court reports prepared were for females, a proportion which has remained consistent in the last five years. Divorce Rate by Gender; The Rate of Divorce by Age; . As with crime lower, there has been a decreasing trend in the volume of crown court legal aid. As at 30 June 2019, 13% of the sentenced male prison population were serving indeterminate sentences compared to 11% of the female population. The custody rate for this offence was lower for female offenders (19%) than for males (26%). For both sexes, the 30 to 39 age range represented the highest number of those prosecuted in 2019. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the criminal justice system (CJS) by sex. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). The proportion of young offenders with SEN without a statement across each disposal (except fine) was slightly higher for young female offenders, particularly for custodial sentences. , Where there were multiple offences on the same occasion, only the primary offence as recorded on the Police National Computer (PNC) would be counted. This section looks at offenders starting supervision as a result of a court order, including those starting supervision as a result of a community order or a suspended sentence order[footnote 68]. Isn't It Gender Discrimination? However, given the range of recording practises (see technical guide for details) throughout the CJS, it is likely that most recording includes a mixture of physiological and personal identity. Figure 5.12: Proportion of offenders sentenced to immediate custody, by custodial sentence length and sex, 2019[footnote 58]. The proportion of females experiencing domestic abuse in 2019/20 was 7.3%, double that of males (3.6%). The majority (85%) of arrests continue to be accounted for by males in 2019/20. Data are presented in terms of calendar and financial years (usually 2019 or 2019/20), reflecting the reporting cycles and data collection of the agencies contributing information for this publication. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. Consistently, the proportion of females who reported experiencing domestic abuse in the last year (7.3%) was twice that of males (3.6%). You have accepted additional cookies. Therefore, to ensure comparability with previous years, these police forces are excluded from arrests analyses. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). like child support and child custody, contested. Figure 5.13: Average custodial sentence length, by sex, 2015 to 2019. Youth custody report for November 2015 published. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. Figure 8.01: The proportion of male and female offenders prosecuted for each offence group, England and Wales, 2019. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. In 2018/19, a total of 85,900[footnote 28] adults engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which just over a fifth (21%) were females which is a higher proportion than those arrested (please see arrests section of this chapter). Over the last five years, female representation has remained constant within the MoJ (67% in 2019). Previously mothers had no rights at all over their children if the marriage broke down. The indictable offences for which the highest numbers of female offenders were sentenced in 2019 were: Theft from shops (9600 were sentenced, 3% of all sentences given to female offenders in 2019); Assault of an emergency worker (2700 sentenced); Fraud by false representation: cheque, plastic card and online bank accounts (940 sentenced); Possession of a Class A drug (870 sentenced); and. And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. Therefore, Figure 3.01 refers to the previous year, 2018/19. Three-year time series refers to 2016/17 to 2018/19. Fact Sheet - We Are Fathers4Justice - The Official Campaign Organisation The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2019 publication. Well send you a link to a feedback form. Youth custody report for July 2014 published. , The overall increase in ACSL may be connected to changes in sentencing guidelines see accompanying technical guide for further details. Conveyance of drugs or weapons into or out of prison females made up 53% of 324 convictions in 2019, up 8 pp since 2015. Figure 7.04: Age distribution of male and female defendants, England and Wales, 2019. As at 30 June 2019, the sentence length profile of males and females under a determinate sentence differs, with a higher proportion of females (15%) serving sentences of less than 12 months, compared to 6% of males[footnote 64] (influenced by custodial sentencing in Chapter 5: Defendants and offence mix in Chapter 7: Offence Analysis). Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of females were given suspended sentences. The defendant can be directed to appear in court or remanded on bail or custody. Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 who receiving Free School Meals, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.2), Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 104]. This was considerably higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 102] and 2014/15[footnote 103] (14% for both young females and young males). Topics include: Prison Population, Youth Custody, Unsentenced prison remand population, Sentences served in prison (type and length) Receptions and Releases, Her Majestys Inspectorate for Prisons (HMIP) survey[footnote 59], Self-harm in custody, Probation (Community Orders and Suspended Sentence Orders). As at 30 June 2019, 15% of females and 6% of males were serving sentences of less than 12 months. Throughout this report we refer to sex rather than gender, because the binary classification better reflects how individuals are generally reported or managed through the CJS. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. You have accepted additional cookies. There is no published data available on Fixed Penalty Notices by sex. More females experienced two types of abuse (18.3%) than males (13.5%), often including domestic stalking. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. (2020). Are the Family Courts Really Biased Towards Women? When comparing sentencing outcomes for male and female offenders, a consistently larger proportion of male offenders receive custodial sentences whereas larger proportions of female offenders receive community sentences or a conditional discharge. Violent crime was most prevalent in the 16-24 age group (Figure 3.02). News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results: 2013 to 2014 (revised) National tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. Over the last 5 years at Crown Court, there was a steady increase in the proportion of both male and female defendants who were not remanded, with a gradual increase of the proportion remanded in custody, offset by a decrease in the proportion of those bailed. A higher proportion of males were proceeded against for indictable offences (22%) compared to females (10%). For both young males and young females in the matched cohort, those who were sentenced to custody for 12 months or less had the lowest proportion attaining 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G. Figure 7.08 shows that across most disposal types, a greater proportion of young females attained this level than young males. 20 divorce facts for 2020. Youth Custody Report for November 2013 published. Male victims were comparatively younger, with equal proportions within the 16-24 and 25-34 age groups (both 22%). , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. Figure 4.01: Number of arrests, by age group and sex, 2015/16 to 2019/20. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. In 2019, 1.29 million defendants[footnote 48] were directed to appear at magistrates courts (including those who failed to appear). The relative proportion of male and female victims has remained consistent over the last five years[footnote 20]. For example, 52% of young females who received a suspended sentence had 5 or more GCSEs graded A* to G, compared to 44% of young males. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Equalities report was also released on the same day as this report. Statistics on PSRs are published alongside Offender Management Statistics. Fines accounted for 34% of females sentenced in 2019 and 33% received a community sentence, compared with 44% and 30% for males. , For both indictable and summary offences. Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. All court reports included in published PSR statistics relate to offenders of known sex. , Bespoke analysis can be found in the Chapter 3: Victims Tables published alongside this report. , A release is defined as a release from prison where the prisoner has finished serving the custodial term of their sentence and excludes unsentenced prisoners on remand. Youth custody report for March 2015 published. National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value. , Defendants are reported against their principal (i.e. The CSEW 2018/19 provides the most recent breakdown of personal crime by offence (Figure 3.01)[footnote 10] . Possession of an article with blade or point (760 sentenced). This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN with a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 106] and 2014/15 [footnote 107](2% for young females and 5% for young males). The age distribution of female and male defendants is broadly similar. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. Until the statistics tell us that more than 4 percent of divorced fathers are seeking custody through the Family Court system, there are few men who have such experience and proof of a true "gender bias." , The data in this section refers to arrests for notifiable crimes recorded by the police. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Figure 7.10: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with Special Educational Needs without a statement, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.3). In the most recent year, the CPS and MoJ had the highest proportions of senior staff who were female at 57% and 51%, respectively; these were the only organisations where the representation of females in senior positions was higher than that of males. Youth custody report for February 2017 published. Females in contact with the services more often had suspected alcohol misuse, financial needs, were abuse victims and had mental health needs compared to males. The publication also contains more detailed information on the make-up of the custody population by legal basis for detention, accommodation type, age group, gender, ethnicity and region of origin. Single Fathers Single Mothers And Child Custody Statistics Errors in our statistical systems and processes. This report is also accompanied by an infographic summarising key findings. Youth custody report and data for February 2018 published. The most common sentence for indictable benefit fraud offences was a community sentence, received by 51% of females and 53% of males sentenced in 2019. Youth custody report for September 2015 published. This idea was developed in the 1980s by Richard Gardner, a crank psychiatrist who thought child sexual abuse is not necessarily traumatic, and that mothers who don't fulfil their partners. In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). National Statistics status can be removed at any point when the highest standards are not maintained and reinstated when standards are restored. Figure 8.05: Custody rate by sex for indictable offences with the highest number of female offenders sentenced, England and Wales, 2019. Youth custody report for August 2016 published. Figure 5.10: Proportion of offenders sentenced, by sentencing outcome and sex, 2019, Sentencing outcomes for indictable offences. Why Do Women Get Child Custody In 90 Percent Of All Cases? Isn'T It This was higher than the proportion of pupils eligible for FSM in the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 and 2014/15 (14% for both young females and young males). The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. Youth custody data for June 2017 published. Since 2015, the ACSL for indictable offences has risen for both male and female offenders from all ethnic groups[footnote 76]. Annual figures are then produced by aggregating the four 3-monthly cohorts within each given year. Fines accounted for 99% of those sentenced for TV licence evasion in 2019 across both sexes. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. It should be noted that because children comprise less than 10% of all offenders prosecuted for an indictable offence (where sex and age of the defendant is known), trends should be interpreted with caution. , Fast Delivery PSR (written) Normally completed on day of request and must be completed within 5 days. , A SEN statement is a document which sets out a childs SEN and any additional help that the child should receive. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. There are few comparisons to the population as a whole, but we have considered this to be 51% female, as based on Mid-year Population Estimates from the Office for National Statistics. Further information on the following topics related to offender management is available online: Substance Misuse Treatment Programmes, Offender Learning, Safety in Custody, Deaths in or following police contact, Discipline in Prison Establishments (Adjudications), Restricted Patients, Home Detention Curfew, Release on Temporary License, Licence Recalls. separation. , Lancashire Constabulary and Greater Manchester Police were unable to supply complete data for 2018/19 and for 2019/20 respectively. Youth custody report: September 2017 published. Figure 4.04: Percentage of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by offence and sex, 2019. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. , In 2019/20, the CPS moved from annual reporting, in the Violence Against Women and Girls annual report, to quarterly data. A higher proportion of female defendants were not remanded by police, which may be due in part to the different types of offences for which females and males are prosecuted and hence the risk they are perceived as representing. Full details on data limitations and conclusion can be found in the technical guide. GillespieShields. In 2018/19, 12,300[footnote 30] young people engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which 19% were female. To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. version of this document in a more accessible format, please email, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Safety in the Children and Young People Secure Estate: Update to June 2022. Figure 8.02 Change in female prosecutions for indictable offences, by offence group England and Wales, 2015 to 2019, Figure 8.02: Summary offences with the highest proportion of female convictions, England and Wales, 2019. Truancy females made up 71% of the 19,600 convictions in 2019, down 2 pp from 2015. Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions. Police station advice alone accounts for 71% of the workload for both sexes in 2019, increasing from around 60% since 2012. In 2018/19, 671 individuals were victims of homicide in England and Wales; 64% of which were males and 36%, females (Figure 3.03). As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. , Where ethnicity was known. In 2019/20, 3.9% of male adults reported being the victim once or more of a CSEW personal crime (excluding fraud and computer misuse; down from 4.5%). Across all disposals, a larger proportion of young males had a record of receiving a fixed period exclusion compared to young females. The 75+ group was the only age group where prevalence of violent crime in highest among females. The proportion of female legal aid recipients in the Crown Court was lower with 10% of the crime higher legal aid workload in 2019[footnote 42]. , Breakdown by offence type is not available in the CSEW 2019/20 data. Young males receiving less than 12 months in custody were less likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (60% v 67%). , Data is from Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. Custody Rate and Average Custodial Sentence Length (ACSL)[footnote 83]. Father-headed households 400,000 families were headed by lone fathers in 2012, representing 13.5% of all single-parent households in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics. There was also a higher proportion of females with mental health needs, the majority of which were depressive illness which affected 25% of females compared to 20% of males. My wife has confessed that when she first learned I was a single dad she automatically presumed that mum had died! Contrastingly, the HMPPS HQ (and Area Services) has a majority female staff, increasing to 59% in 2020. The given number currently represents about . In 2018/19, the most frequent method of killing was sharp instrument for both males (46%) and females (25%), accounting for 39% of all homicides, consistent with previous years. No causative links can be drawn from these summary statistics, differences observed may indicate areas worth further investigation, but should not be taken as evidence of unequal treatments or as direct effects of sex. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. , Equivalently, a Key Stage 4 (KS4) academic year of 2013/14 and 2014/15. See technical guide for more information. Figure 7.05: Proportion of children in the Criminal Justice System, by sex, England and Wales, 2019. Findings from a recent data sharing exercise between the MoJ and the Department for Education (DfE) are presented here, with analysis on a matched cohort of those who were in Year 6 in either 2008/09 or 2009/10 and who were aged ten at the start of those academic years[footnote 91][footnote 92]. , A single individual (includes people and companies) can be counted more than once in a year if they are dealt with by the CJS on more than one occasion. Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. In June 2019, the number of children and young people up to 18 years old in secure estates[footnote 61] was 885, of which 3% were female. , 2% of adults identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. This proportion has remained stable over the last 5 years (June 2015 June 2019) despite the overall fall of 18% in the under 18 custody population. It considers how these experiences have changed over time and how they contrast to the typical experiences of males.